The Iddah (Waiting Period) of the Divorced Woman
Allah says;
وَالْمُطَلَّقَاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنفُسِهِنَّ ثَلَثَةَ قُرُوَءٍ
And divorced women shall wait (as regards their marriage) for three menstrual periods,
This Ayah contains a command from Allah that the divorced woman, whose marriage was consummated and who still has menstruation periods, should wait for three (menstrual) periods (Quru) after the divorce and then remarry if she wishes.
The Meaning of Al-Quru
Ibn Jarir related that Alqamah said;
We were with Umar bin Al-Khattab when a woman came and said, "My husband divorced me one or two periods ago. He then came back to me while I had prepared my water (for taking a bath), took off my clothes and closed my door."
Umar asked Abdullah bin Mas`ud, "What do you think?"
He said, "I think that she is still his wife, as long as she is not allowed to resume praying (i.e., until the third period ends before he takes her back)."
Umar said, "This is my opinion too."
This is also the opinion of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abu Ad-Darda, Ubadah bin As-Samit, Anas bin Malik, Ibn Mas`ud, Mu`adh, Ubayy bin Ka`b, Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari and Ibn Abbas.
Furthermore, this is the opinion of Sa`id bin Musayyib, Alqamah, Aswad, Ibrahim, Mujahid, Ata, Tawus, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Ikrimah, Muhammad bin Sirin, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ash-Sha`bi, Ar-Rabi, Muqatil bin Hayyan, As-Suddi, Makhul, Ad-Dahhak and Ata Al-Khurasani.
They all stated that the Quru is the menstruation period.
What testifies to this is the Hadith that Abu Dawud and An-Nasa'i reported that Fatimah bint Abu Hubaiysh said that Allah's Messenger said to her;
دَعِي الصَّلَةَ أَيَّامَ أَقْرَايِك
Do not pray during your Aqra (pl. for Quru, the menstruation period).
If this Hadith was authentic, it would have been a clear proof that the Quru is the menstruation period. However, one of the narrators of this Hadith, Al-Mundhir, is an unknown person (in Hadith terminology), as Abu Hatim has stated, although Ibn Hibban has mentioned Al-Mundhir in his book Ath-Thiqat.
A Woman's Statement about Menses and Purity is to be accepted
Allah said;
وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَهُنَّ أَن يَكْتُمْنَ مَا خَلَقَ اللّهُ فِي أَرْحَامِهِنَّ
and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs,
meaning, of pregnancy or menstruation periods.
This is the Tafsir of Ibn Abbas, Ibn Umar, Mujahid, Ash-Sha`bi, Al-Hakam bin Utaybah, Ar-Rabi bin Anas, Ad-Dahhak and others.
Allah then said;
إِن كُنَّ يُوْمِنَّ بِاللّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الاخِرِ
if they believe in Allah and the Last Day.
This Ayah warns women against hiding the truth (if they were pregnant or on their menses), indicating that they are the authority in such matters as they alone know such facts about themselves. Since verifying such matters is difficult, Allah left this decision with them. Yet, women were warned not to hide the truth in case they wish to end the Iddah sooner, or later, according to their desires. Women were thus commanded to say the truth (if they were pregnant or on their menses), no more and no less.
The Husband has the Right to take back his Divorced Wife during the Iddah (Waiting Period)
Allah said;
وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ إِنْ أَرَادُواْ إِصْلَحًا
And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation.
Hence, the husband who divorces his wife can take her back, providing she is still in her Iddah (time spent before a divorced woman or a widow can remarry) and that his aim, by taking her back, is righteous and for the purpose of bringing things back to normal. However, this ruling applies where the husband is eligible to take his divorced wife back.
We should mention that (when this Ayah 2;228 was revealed), the ruling that made the divorce thrice and specified when the husband is ineligible to take his divorced wife back, had not been revealed yet. Previously, the man used to divorce his wife and then take her back even if he had divorced her a hundred separate times. Thereafter, Allah revealed the following Ayah (2;229) that made the divorce only thrice. So there was now a reversible divorce and an irreversible final divorce.
The Rights the Spouses have over Each Other
Allah said;
وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
And they (women) have rights (over their husbands as regards living expenses) similar (to those of their husbands) over them (as regards obedience and respect) to what is reasonable,
This Ayah indicates that the wife has certain rights on her husband, just as he has certain rights on her, and each is obliged to give the other spouse his due rights.
Muslim reported that Jabir said that Allah's Messenger said;
فَاتَّقُوا اللهَ فِي النِّسَاءِ فَإِنَّكُمْ أَخَذْتُمُوهُنَّ بِأَمَانَةِ اللهِ وَاسْتَحْلَلْتُمْ فُرُوجَهُنَّ بِكَلِمَةِ اللهِ
Fear Allah regarding your women, for you have taken them by Allah's covenant and were allowed to enjoy with them sexually by Allah's Words.
وَلَكُمْ عَلَيْهِنَّ أَنْ لَا يُوطِيْنَ فُرُشَكُمْ أَحَدًا تَكْرَهُونَهُ فَإِنْ فَعَلْنَ ذَلِكَ فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ
You have the right on them that they do not allow anyone you dislike to sit on your mat. If they do that, then discipline them leniently.
وَلَهُنَّ رِزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوف
They have the right to be spent on and to be bought clothes in what is reasonable.
Bahz bin Hakim said that Muawiyah bin Haydah Al-Qushayri related that his grandfather said,
"O Messenger of Allah! What is the right the wife of one of us has?"
The Prophet said;
أَنْ تُطْعِمَهَا إِذَا طَعِمْتَ وتَكْسُوَهَا إِذَا اكْتَسَيْتَ وَلَا تَضْرِبِ الْوَجْهَ وَلَا تُقَبِّحْ وَلَا تَهْجُرْ إِلاَّ فِي الْبَيْت
To feed her when you eat, buy her clothes when you buy for yourself and to refrain from striking her on the face, cursing her or staying away from her except in the house.
Waki related that Ibn Abbas said,
"I like to take care of my appearance for my wife just as I like for her to take care of her appearance for me.
This is because Allah says;
وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(And they (women) have rights similar (to those of their husbands) over them to what is reasonable)."
This statement is reported by Ibn Jarir and Ibn Abu Hatim.
The Virtue Men have over Women
Allah said;
وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ
but men have a degree (of responsibility) over them.
This Ayah indicates that men are in a more advantageous position than women physically as well as in their mannerism, status, obedience (of women to them), spending, taking care of the affairs and in general, in this life and in the Hereafter.
Allah said (in another Ayah),
الرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى النِّسَأءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ وَبِمَأ أَنفَقُواْ مِنْ أَمْوَلِهِمْ
Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means. (4;34)
Allah's statement;
وَاللّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكُيمٌ
And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.
means, He is Mighty in His punishment of those who disobey and defy His commands. He is Wise in what He commands, destines and legislates